French Female Managers of North African Origin: Integration “à la Française”
Dr. Arnaud Lacheret is director of the French-Arabian Business School of the Arabian Gulf University in Bahrain.
The integration process of migrants from a different culture is an important subject in developed countries, especially in France. Due to its colonial past, France has welcomed many workers from North Africa since the 1960s. This first generation was composed of non-skilled workers who occupied jobs mostly in the industrial sector. This immigration was supposed to be temporary and the immigrants, mostly men, were not supposed to become French let alone be integrated in French society. However, after several years, most of these workers arranged the immigration of their spouses and founded households in France. This settlement was not really anticipated in France, and from the early 1980s onward, the integration of those new French citizens became a political priority.
In our research, we assumed that the integration of the second generation of French North African immigrants can be compared with a study that we had conducted earlier: a study of the integration of female managers in the Gulf. After various reforms by local governments, it had become easier for women to rise in the social hierarchy of those countries (Lacheret 2020; Lacheret and Farooq 2021).
These women negotiated small steps to obtain spaces of freedom, and eventually they could obtain the job they had chosen. Afterwards, the father’s conservative values became more flexible, and eventually he became proud of his daughter and tried to promote this empowerment process himself. This way of progressively changing the conservative values of their own family is what we can call a “social non-movement” (Bayat, 2013): many actors adopt the same behaviour and change some values in their neighbourhood without concerted movement. This can lead to the global change of values of an entire society.
We wanted to compare this process of change with the integration of young female managers of the second generation of North African immigration in France. These women were raised in relatively poor conditions, most of time with fathers employed as unskilled labour workers and with non-working mothers. Moreover, most of the interviewees in the study said that their families had difficulties speaking French and had conservative values, especially with regard to the place of women in society.
Despite these obstacles, the integration rates of the second generation are impressive. According to statistics, 11% of foreigners who arrived before 1974 in France had a university degree. In 2010, 22% of the daughters of workers of Algerian origin, and 31% of those who were of Tunisian and Moroccan origin, had a university degree. The number of university graduates in France today is 34%. Within one generation, women have almost attained the average education level of the French population.
We wanted to ask them how they had managed to move upwards on the scale so quickly. We interviewed 23 women and conducted the same qualitative interview that we had conducted with the female managers from the Gulf. The Gulf study was inspired by an existing study of Muslim female managers of South Asian origin in Great Britain (Syed & Tariq 2017).
Our main findings, which will be published in a book in November 2021, are that the integration process is partly comparable to the one of the Gulf female managers. Both studies demonstrate a kind of a negotiation process with the family and especially with the reluctant fathers; and once the daughter’s freedom of choice is obtained, the parents become less conservative and more integrated, too.
The main difference between both samples consists in the fact that the social origins are not the same: Gulf families are part of the upper middle class and educated while in France, the first generation of migrants is often uneducated and very poor. Therefore, in France, even if the families eventually become convinced of the need to study and to apply for qualified jobs, the families do not have the cultural capital to help their daughters once the latter have started following higher education (Bourdieu, 1986, Putnam, 2000).
A further finding sheds light on the fact that the families’ conservative behaviours subsist, in the French case, especially in private life. For example, we were told, during the interviews, of many attempts of forced or arranged marriage. However, the most important thing is that the women interviewed were blaming far more their backward cultures of origins for misfortunes than their religion. In that sense, the responses are similar to those of their Gulf counterparts as they explain that the main obstacle for their empowerment is the conservative traditions and not the religion.
In conclusion, our study states that integration processes must be accompanied by public authorities not overly focusing on religion because religion does not appear to be a significant obstacle to integration, but rather by focussing on cultural and social issues such as avoiding ghettos, promoting more social diversity in the public domain and at school, and defining precisely what kind of values French society has in order to promote them to the second and third generation.
Bibliography
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- Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241-258). Greenwood.
- Lacheret, A. (2020). Innovation Policies and Values of Female Managers From The Gulf: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability, 15(5), 62-72.
- Lacheret, A. (2020). La femme est l'avenir du Golfe. Le Bord de l'Eau.
- Lacheret, A., & Farooq, M. O. (2020). The Islamic veil in the Gulf and Arabian modernity: A qualitative study on female managers. Arabian Humanities, 14.
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